Dennis and Diadamia Doram: A View of the American Dream
Around a corner in the Kentucky Historical Society's permanent exhibit, "A Kentucky Journey," two portraits sit enclosed in a large glass case.
These are the images of Dennis and Diadamia Doram, dated 1839. Like many prosperous 19th-century Kentuckians, the Dorams paid to have their portraits made. The difference is that these two people started life enslaved. Despite cultural and legal obstacles, they became business and land owners in Danville, Ky., well before 1865 emancipation in Kentucky. When observing these portraits, it is easy to imagine they are gazing at the American dream in the distance, yet it is not the same view as the European-Americans in their community. The Doram family achieved many things that make up the American dream: home ownership, successful businesses, educated and successful children, social standing, and freedom.
Treasure Found
The portraits themselves have a fascinating history. Viola Gross of Frankfort, Ky., a great-granddaughter of Dennis and Diadamia Doram, spent years researching her family's genealogy. She learned that two family portraits had been found in a Boyle County barn that belonged to another descendent of the Dorams. Mrs. Gross contacted the Kentucky Historical Society about acquiring the portraits, which led to the Kentucky Historical Society Foundation raising funds to purchase them in July 2000.
Patrick Henry Davenport (1803-1890), the son of a Danville, Ky., tavern owner and banker, painted the portraits. Davenport was educated at Danville Academy and became an accomplished portrait artist despite little training. He later moved to Illinois, but during the 1820s and 1830s, he painted the business elite of Kentucky's Boyle, Madison, Mercer, Garrard, and Lincoln counties. The portraits of Dennis and Diadamia Doram were painted in 1839 and are believed to be the only paintings of African Americans Davenport created. He also painted portraits of Mrs. Isaac Shelby, the wife of the first Governor of Kentucky, and abolitionist John Brown, both of which are in the Kentucky Historical Society collections.
Today, after extensive conservation, the portraits are in very good condition. It is once again possible to study the faces of these extraordinary people and their stories.
Dennis and Diadamia Doram
KHS Collections: 2000.29.1 & 2000.29.2
Dennis and Diadamia Doram are notable for their achievements at a time when social and political forces were aligned to prevent any glimmer of the American dream for people of African descent in this country.
Statement of evidence regarding the freedom of several members of the Doram family, May 7, 1839
Dennis Doram was born enslaved in Danville, Ky., in 1796. His mother, Lydia Doram, was enslaved by General Thomas Barbee, who was also her father. Dennis's father was also named Dennis Doram. Family stories say he was at least part Native American and was a free person. When Thomas Barbee died, the younger Dennis was less than a year old.
Deed of emancipation between Moses O. Bledsoe and [Taylor] Gibson, St. Louis, Missouri, 7 March 1836
General Barbee's February 7, 1797 will freed his daughter Lydia Doram and her children. But freedom came for the children only after they reached a particular age. For the female children, it was age 26. For the male children, it was age 31. The will stipulated that all of the children were to be educated in reading and writing, and the boys were also to be taught mathematics. There is evidence that Dennis Doram was conducting business as early as 1814. His 31st birthday and freedom arrived in 1827, and Dennis was soon working and farming for himself. It is clear that he was successful because, in fewer than ten years, he was buying Danville town lots. When and how he met Diadamia Taylor is unknown.
Diadamia Taylor Doram was born in 1810. She, her mother, Cloe, and her siblings were enslaved by Moses O. Bledsoe of St. Louis, Mo. Diadamia's father, Gibson Taylor, was a free man of color. In 1814, Gibson Taylor paid Bledsoe $700 to free his wife and children. The Taylor family moved to Kentucky shortly afterward. Diadamia was raised in Harrodsburg, Ky., but little is known about her youth. The next documented event in Diadamia Taylor's life is her marriage to Dennis Doram on February 15, 1830, in Mercer County, Ky. Together, this formerly enslaved couple embarked on an unlikely journey that other African Americans with less education and fewer opportunities could not take.
History Revealed
One hundred and seventy years after the Doram's marriage, their great-granddaughter, Viola Gross, brought the Doram paintings and the Kentucky Historical Society together. Still, Mrs. Gross also had treasures of her own. In 2006, she donated 65 original documents pertaining to the Doram-Rowe family to the Kentucky Historical Society. This collection, supported by other research, pinpoints the Doram family's steps to achieve the American dream.
Freedom:
The Doram-Rowe Family Collection details the family story after the marriage of Dennis and Diadamia. The one exception is the earliest document in the collection. This document, dated 1829, is a certificate of freedom verifying Diadamia Doram's release from slavery on April 11, 1814. Thirty-four years later, Diadamia's daughter Martha A. Doram, also secured a certificate of freedom.
Martha Doram certificate of freedom, February 3, 1863
It, too, is part of the collection. According to Mrs. Gross, Martha (her grandmother) sought this document because she was about to get married. Perhaps Diadamia used the same reasoning since she married Dennis one year after the date of her freedom documents. Another certificate of freedom in the Doram-Rowe Family Collection from 1839 includes the names of Dennis and Lydia Doram, Dennis' parents. It was created in Tennessee, where the elder Doram couple had moved years before. The document is peculiar because Dennis Sr. is believed not to have been enslaved and was deceased by 1839. The 1840 Federal Census indicates that Lydia Doram may have been living with her son Dennis and Diadamia. Perhaps she sought this confirmation of freedom before she left Tennessee.
Home ownership:
Documented in both the Doram-Rowe Family Collection and the Boyle County records is a land deed for the purchase of a lot of land on "the Main" street in Danville, Ky., by Dennis Doram on February 1, 1836. The lot had a brick building on it and some outbuildings. Doram paid 1/3 of the cost upfront and the rest in installments over two years. If and how long the family lived there is unknown, as the Dorams continued to purchase town lots, including a house on 3rd Street that still stands today (now 233 Martin Luther King Blvd.) and land with a home on the Danville turnpike in 1854.
Between 1837 and 1860, the Dorams' purchased over 300 acres of land, most along the Dix River in Boyle County. Thomas Barbee, the nephew of General Barbee who enslaved Dennis, sold the Dorams a little over six acres of land ten years after General Barbee's will freed Dennis. The Dorams also purchased land in Indiana. Although purchased from different owners, the land lots appear to be adjacent. How they used this land is unknown. It is important to note that although the Doram's were the wealthiest free blacks in Boyle County, Ky., they still owned only about 1/5th of the amount of land compared to the largest white landowner.
Successful businesses:
County tax records in 1860 reported that the Doram family held property valued at $10,800 and included farmland, four town lots, eight horses, thirty cattle, thirty hogs, one goat, one bull, and one enslaved person. The Doram land was most likely used to raise a variety of crops, but there might have been a good amount of hemp too.
Family stories indicate that Dennis Doram also ran a rope factory and a hemp business. Evidence supporting that includes an account receipt for the year 1840 in the Doram-Rowe Family Collection. It lists rope and cord sold to D. Yeiser from 1835-1839. Also, one of Dennis and Diadamia's sons and Dennis' brother are listed in the 1860 Federal Census with an occupation of "rope spinner." In the same year, Dennis is listed as "farmer."
Educated and successful children:
Dennis and Diadamia Doram had 12 children. Perhaps two of the twelve did not reach adulthood. Most of the few personal letters in the Doram-Rowe Family Collection are from their children. Along with other documents, it is possible to gather who the children were and how they were raised.
An 1851 paid receipt in the Doram-Rowe Family Collection written by Danville school teacher Willis Russell proves that the Doram children were educated.
Dennis Doram receipt for tuition for children's schooling, 1851
The 1850 Federal Census confirms that all their children from ages 7 to 17 were enrolled in school. Dennis and Diadamia's daughter, Sarah, attended Berea College in the 1870s. It is unknown if any of their other children continued to higher education, but it indicates that the family treasured education for daughters as well as sons. A generation later, grandson Thomas Madison Doram, earned a doctorate in veterinary medicine. He was the second African American to do so in the United States.
On December 23, 1864, Joshua Doram wrote to his father from Louisa, Ky., located in eastern Kentucky near the Virginia state line. Joshua and his older brother Thomas joined the 114th United States Colored Troops. His short letter mentions that Confederate troops were surrendering every day and arriving in little more than rags for clothes. The brothers joined the US Army together, mustering at Camp Nelson in Kentucky. The 114th Regiment participated in the Siege of Petersburg and the Appomattox Campaign and was in Appomattox, Va., when the treaty documents were signed.
Letter from Joshua Doram to his father Dennis Doram, December 23, 1864
Both brothers returned home and started businesses. Joshua became a barber and later ran a grocery on Second Street in Danville. According to the Interior Journal of Stanford, Ky., Joshua was accused of selling alcohol on several occasions in the dry county of Boyle. Thomas went in a different direction. After the war, Dennis Doram loaned him money to buy a farm. Tax records and newspaper accounts indicate Thomas was raising horses. He was still buying horses in the 1880s and is listed in the 1895 Wallace's American Trotting Registry. Thomas sold his farm in 1902 at the age of 65.
Another Doram son served in the United States military. Robert Cassius Clay Doram was a Buffalo soldier. He enlisted in 1868 and left the service in 1879 due to disability. The Doram-Rowe Family Collection includes three letters he wrote home. Military records list Robert's occupation as a mason, yet he is not listed in business or census records after 1870.
Information on all twelve children has not yet been found, but there are pieces of information that help tell the story. For example, the Interior Journal discusses a dispute regarding Susan Doram's rock quarry in 1898, ten years after the county court restored her maiden name as her legal name.
Social standing:
Research indicates that Dennis and Diadamia Doram had good standing in the community. Their roles as free blacks who were landowners speak to their reputation and ability to build relationships outside the African American community. There is one indication that Dennis Doram was not well-regarded by everyone. In 1850, Fred Visschon refused to allow Dennis to purchase his land, which was going up for auction. For some reason, the family kept this document, and it is in the Doram-Rowe Family Collection.
Dennis was a leader in the African American community of Danville. Receipts in the Doram-Rowe Family Collection show that Dennis paid another person's debt on at least two occasions. During the Civil War, Dennis served as an intermediary for at least two soldiers in the US Colored Troops. Elijah Irvine of the 114th United States Colored Troops sent Dennis $80 to give to his wife, Sophia. He requested that Dennis open a bank account for Sophia and approve how she spent that money.
Family stories indicate that Dennis helped start a school for the higher education of African Americans. This is supported by the fact that several African Americans, led in part by Dennis's son Gibeon Doram, started creating schools for newly freed enslaved after the Civil War. Dennis was also a delegate of the First Convention of Colored Men of Kentucky. This organization was created in 1866 to advance the rights of African Americans in Kentucky, starting with lobbying the Legislature for voting rights.
Another indicator of social status in pre-Civil War Kentucky was slave ownership, and Dennis Doram did enslave people. Although no documentation in the Doram-Rowe Family Collection indicates ownership of enslaved people, other records provide evidence that Dennis Doram was an enslaver. He freed a 25 year old woman named Mary in 1846. A year later, he freed a woman named Lydia. The 1860 Slave Schedule lists Dennis as enslaving one male aged 56 and that there was one "slave dwelling" on his property.
Because Dennis was responsible for most legal transactions, there is little evidence about Diadamia's character. She is listed as Dennis's wife in only one of the land deeds in the Doram-Rowe Family Collection. A Freedman's Bank record from 1873 gives some additional information but nothing of her character. An obituary in 1883 describes Diadamia as "a very worthy woman" and "a devoted member of the Methodist Church for over fifty years."
Pieces of the American Dream
The portraits of Dennis and Diadamia Doram illustrate one family's quest for the American Dream. Not all the pieces are there, and what is there prompts questions about African Americans enslaving people, the rights of free blacks in pre-Civil War Kentucky, and 19th-century commerce. At the Kentucky Historical Society, the portraits are used to ask these questions, but they also serve as reminders that entire generations of African American families have little or no documentation to reveal their stories.
In March 1866, Dennis Doram served on the finance committee for the First Convention of Colored Men of Kentucky. The committee drafted a statement of intentions. A portion of it seems to embody Dennis' view of the American Dream.
"We are native and to the manner born; we are part and parcel of the Great American body politic; we love our country and her institutions; we are proud of her greatness and glory in her might; we are intensely American, allied to the free institutions of our country by sacrifices, the deaths and the slumbering ashes of our sons and our fathers, whose patriotism, whose daring and devotion, led them to pledge their lives, their property and their sacred honor, to the maintenance of her freedom, and the majesty of her laws. Here we are intended to remain, and while we seek to cultivate all of those virtues that shall distinguish us as good and useful citizens, our destiny shall be that of earnest and faithful Americans, and we recognize no principle, we allow no doctrine that would make our destiny, other, than the destiny of our native land and fellow countrymen."